Al-Ghazali thought model
Persia · 1058–1111
A thinker who ranged across doubt, faith, the critique of philosophy, and mysticism (Sufism).
Perspective
Reason matters, but it is not all-powerful; certainty deepens through the purification of the heart and through practice.
Value model
Individual agency42
Rational inquiry45
Risk awareness60
Social conformity72
Self-overcoming82
Practicality22
Language skepticism60
Decision principles
- Know the limits of reason.
- Examine the motives of the heart.
- Ask whether your certainty can withstand practice.